From noring@netcom.com Mon Aug 23 18:03:25 1993

Date: Sun, 22 Aug 1993 21:54:12 GMT

From: Jon Noring 

Subject: Almost the FAQ - Personality Type Summary







============================================================================



                    A Summary of Personality Typing



                              Revision 2.5

                              21-May-1993



============================================================================





ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS



I would like to thank the many people who provided input to make this summary

possible.  Special thanks go out to Joe Butt and Marina Margaret Heiss for

their extensive suggestions and contributions.







INTRODUCTION



As we look around us, we observe the great variety of personality traits

among people.  For example, some people are very outgoing and fun-oriented,

while other people are more quiet and introspective.  It is from these

observations one can confidently say that everybody is gifted with a unique

personality.



The question arises:  "Can we model, at least approximately, human

personality?"  A related question is:  "If we can model human personality,

does such a model have any value or interest?"



In the physical world scientists are always trying to model nature.  For

example, physicists have developed several theories (e.g., relativity, quantum

mechanics, etc.) in an an attempt to do this.  It is clear that these 

theories are not yet complete (there is no accepted Grand Unified Theory yet),

yet physicists do use these "incomplete" models to quite accurately describe

(and predict!) what is observed in nature.



The same holds true for personality modeling.  There are many personality

models that have been developed from the beginning of recorded history, all

of which have their strengths and shortcomings.  No "true" model of human

personality has yet been developed, and one can argue fairly convincingly

that human personality is just too complex of an animal to ever be able to

model perfectly.  However, the models that have been developed do seem to

approximately and reasonably model human personality to an accuracy that makes

them useful and predictive.  This last point, admittedly, is one of current

debate by psychologists and non-psychologist alike (e.g., what is "reasonable

accuracy"?).



So, assuming, that we can model human personality with "reasonable accuracy",

what value would such a model have?  I can see two values:  1) helping an

individual understand themselves and thus relate better with themself, and

2) helping an individual understand others so that they are better able to

relate with them - not only for personal relationships such as friendships,

but for other relationships as well (business, etc.).



Of course, just as the known models (laws) of physics are a double-edged

sword, that is, they can be used for destructive as well as constructive

purposes, so too, can personality models be used in a similar manner - for

good and for not-so-good.  Does the possible misuse of personality models

therefore make them unfit for use?  I think not, but I do know many people

who are extremely uncomfortable with typing or modeling human personality

for the very reason of abuse or misuse.  Of course, this whole summary of

one particular personality system makes the assumption, by its very existence,

that the benefits of personality modeling far outweigh the hazards.  I'll let

you be the final judge of this.



The personality system presented here is known formally as "Jung's theory of

personality type" (hereafter referred to as "personality type/types/typing"),

first developed by Carl Jung in the early 1920's and more recently

resurrected and made into a practical instrument by Myers and Briggs.

Sometimes, this system is referred to as the "Myers-Briggs Type Indicator"

(or MBTI), but in a rigorous sense, the MBTI is a particular test vehicle for

personality typing.



Personality typing is not used nor studied much within the psychiatric and

research/academic psychological community because it is, first of all,

rejected by some schools of thought on basic philosophical grounds (e.g.,

cognitive psychology).  Also, many counseling psychologists don't find it

useful for their purposes because it does not measure mental health.  But

this doesn't mean that practicing psychologists eschew personality typing -

many counselors do use this system for their patients/clients, particularly

for helping people to "find themselves" and similar, non-mental health

related purposes.



Outside of the psychological community, however, personality typing (typified

by the MBTI) is the most widely-used model of human personality.  It is used

extensively in career counseling and development, business and education.

Its penetration into these areas stems partly from the fact that it does

not touch upon the tricky aspect of mental health, which is better dealt with

by trained counseling psychologists and psychiatrists.



In a nutshell, personality typing essentially assumes that our whole

personality can be divided into four orthogonal (or independent) areas or

scales:  energizing, attending, deciding, and living (defined in detail

below).  Within each scale we have a preference for one of two opposites that

define the scale (also described below).  This makes for a total of 16

different combinations (2x2x2x2), each of which defines one particular

and unique personality type.



This summary will cover the following subjects:



1) Description of the Four Scales.



2) Preferred Vocabulary for Each of the Four Scales.

   (One way, short of a test, to help one determine where they stand on

   each scale.  The word lists also help to further define the scales).



3) A Short Summary of the Sixteen Personality Types.

   (A very short description of each type - more complete profiles are

   available.)



4) Correlation of Personality Typing to the Four Temperaments.

   (The "Four Temperaments" comprise very well-known and oft-used models that

   divide up human personality into four major groups or temperaments.  The

   first system was developed by Hippocrates in ancient Greece (where the four

   temperaments are better known as the Four Humours).  Recently, there have

   been more modern and refined "Four Temperament" models, such as Keirsey

   and Bates, who found that the sixteen personality types can be summarized

   into four temperaments which parallel (if only approximately) the four

   Hippocratic humours of Sanguine, Melancholic, Choleric and Phlegmatic.)



5) Resource Materials on Personality Typing.

   (Where to get more information).



6) Summary Profiles for Each Personality Type (future expansion)

   (This will include one or two page summaries for each type, an

   expansion of number 4 above.)



7) A Short Test (future expansion)

   (A test to help you focus on your type or types that most closely

   fit your personality.)





I hope you enjoy the wonderful world of personality typing as much as I do.

Give it a test drive.  You just may find it:  fun, challenging, significant,

and useful.



And have a good day (typical 'NF' closing, see below).



Jon Noring

Internet:  noring@netcom.com



(btw, please do subscribe to the Usenet newsgroup 'alt.psychology.personality'.

There's discussion there about personality typing.  If you have anonymous ftp

access, you can also get this file and similar files from site netcom.com

(192.100.81.100) in subdirectory /pub/noring/personality/*)





*****************************************************************************



DESCRIPTION OF THE FOUR SCALES



In each of the following four scales, every person usually has a preference

for one of the two opposite choices (designated by a letter).  This does not

mean that they do one at the exclusion for the other - most people go both

ways depending on the circumstances.  But most people usually do have an

overall preference.  Where a person does not perceive of a clear and

resounding preference, the letter 'X' is used to designate this "I don't know"

condition.



Important note:  the following scale descriptions are simplifications (and

perilously close to over-simplification) of quite complex, rigorous, deep and

hard-to-understand descriptions presented by Jung (see recommended literature

section for references).





1.  Energizing - How a person is energized:



        Extroversion (E)- Preference for drawing energy from the outside

                          world of people, activities or things.



        Introversion (I)- Preference for drawing energy from one's internal

                          world of ideas, emotions, or impressions.



        [Note:  In a deeper sense, energizing is only one facet of this

        scale -- it's really a measure of a person's whole orientation

        towards either the inner world (I) or the outer world (E).]



 

2.  Attending - What a person pays attention to:



        Sensing (S)-   Preference for taking in information through the five

                       senses and noticing what is actual.



        Intuition (N)- Preference for taking in information through a "sixth

                       sense" and noticing what might be.  Jung calls this

                       "unconscious perceiving".



3.  Deciding - How a person decides:



        Thinking (T)- Preference for organizing and structuring information

                      to decide in a logical, objective way.



        Feeling (F)-  Preference for organizing and structuring information

                      to decide in a personal, value-oriented way.



4.  Living -  Life style a person adopts:



        Judgement (J)-  Preference for living a planned and organized life.



        Perception (P)- Preference for living a spontaneous and flexible life.



        [Note:  An alternative definition of this scale is "Closure - whether

        or not a person likes an open-ended lifestyle."]





=============================================================================



PREFERRED VOCABULARY FOR EACH OF THE FOUR SCALES



There seems to be a definite vocabulary associated with each preference for

the four scales.  By reading the word list on the left and on the right for

each scale, and determining which list you like the sounds and/or meanings

of the words better, may indicate your preference for that scale.  This

vocabulary list will also help you to better understand what the four scales

actually measure or denote.



Also included with each scale is the percentages of the total population (in

Western culture) who hold that preference;  studies have shown the four scales

to be essentially independent of one another (or to be orthogonal, that is,

to lack any statistical correlation between them).





EXTROVERSION-INTROVERSION PREFERRED VOCABULARY



Extroversion, E (75% of Population)     Introversion, I (25% of Population)

===================================     ===================================

sociability                             territoriality

breadth                                 depth

external                                internal

extensive                               intensive

interaction                             concentration

expenditure of energy                   conservation of energy

interest in external events             interest in internal reaction

multiplicity of relationships           limited relationships





SENSING-INTUITION PREFERRED VOCABULARY



Sensing, S (75% of Population)          Intuition, N (25% of Population)

==============================          ================================

experience                              hunches

past                                    future

realistic                               speculative

perspiration                            inspiration

actual                                  possible

down-to-earth                           head-in-clouds

utility                                 fantasy

fact                                    fiction

practicality                            ingenuity

sensible                                imaginative

                                        



THINKING-FEELING PREFERRED VOCABULARY



Thinking, T (50% of Population)         Feeling, F  (50% of Population)

===============================         ===============================

objective                               subjective 

principles                              values

policy                                  social values

laws                                    extenuating circumstances

criterion                               intimacy

firmness                                persuasion

impersonal                              personal

justice                                 humane

categories                              harmony

standards                               good or bad

critique                                appreciate

analysis                                sympathy

allocation                              devotion





JUDGEMENT-PERCEPTION PREFERRED VOCABULARY



Judgement, J (50% of Population)        Perception, P (50% of Population)

================================        =================================

settled                                 pending

decided                                 gather more data

fixed                                   flexible

plan ahead                              adapt as you go

run one's life                          let life happen

closure                                 open options 

decision-making                         treasure hunting

planned                                 open ended

completed                               emergent 

decisive                                tentative

wrap it up                              something will turn up

urgency                                 there's plenty of time

deadline!                               what deadline?

get show on the road                    let's wait and see...





=============================================================================



A SHORT SUMMARY OF THE SIXTEEN PERSONALITY TYPES



The two preferences for each of the four scales give 16 different combinations

(2x2x2x2).  If one includes the 'X' preference (which means either the person

has no clear-cut preference, or that they don't know it yet), there can be as

many as 81 different combinations.  However, each 'X' preference is usually

handled by blending and/or closely studying the two associated preferences.

The order of designating the letters is done as:





Energizing:Attending:Deciding:Living .





Here's a summary of the overall personality for each of the 16 types as

determined from various studies:





ENFJ:  "Pedagogue".  Outstanding leader of groups.  Can be aggressive at

        helping others to be the best that they can be.  5% of the total

        population.



INFJ:  "Author".  Strong drive and enjoyment to help others.  Complex

        personality.  1% of the total population.



ENFP:  "Journalist".  Uncanny sense of the motivations of others.  Life is an

        exciting drama.  5% of the total population.



INFP:  "Questor".  High capacity for caring.  Calm and pleasant face to the

        world.  High sense of honor derived from internal values.  1% of the

        total population.



ENTJ:  "Field Marshall".  The basic driving force and need is to lead.  Tend

        to seek	a position of responsibility and enjoys being an executive.

        5% of the total population.



INTJ:  "Scientist".  Most self-confident and pragmatic of all the types.

        Decisions come very easily.  A builder of systems and the applier of

        theoretical models.  1% of the total population.



ENTP:  "Inventor".  Enthusiastic interest in everything and always sensitive

        to possibilities.  Non-conformist and innovative.  5% of the total

        population.



INTP:  "Architect".  Greatest precision in thought and language.  Can readily

        discern contradictions and inconsistencies.  The world exists

        primarily to be understood.  1% of the total population.



ESTJ:  "Administrator".  Much in touch with the external environment.  Very

        responsible.  Pillar of strength.  13% of the total population.



ISTJ:  "Trustee".  Decisiveness in practical affairs.  Guardian of time-

        honored institutions.  Dependable.  6% of the total population.



ESFJ:  "Seller".  Most sociable of all types.  Nurturer of harmony.

        Outstanding host or hostesses.  13% of the total population.



ISFJ:  "Conservator".  Desires to be of service and to minister to individual

        needs - very loyal.  6% of the total population.



ESTP:  "Promotor".  Action!  When present, things begin to happen.  Fiercely

        competitive.  Entrepreneur.  Often uses shock effect to get attention.

        Negotiator par excellence.  13% of the total population.



ESFP:  "Entertainer".  Radiates attractive warmth and optimism.  Smooth, witty,

        charming, clever.  Fun to be with.  Very generous.  13% of the total

        population.



ISTP:  "Artisan".  Impulsive action.  Life should be of impulse rather than

        of purpose.  Action is an end to itself.  Fearless, craves excitement,

        master of tools.  5% of the total population.



ISFP:  "Artist".  Interested in the fine arts.  Expression primarily through

        action or art form.  The senses are keener than in other types.  5% of

        the total population.





=============================================================================



CORRELATION OF PERSONALITY TYPING TO THE FOUR TEMPERAMENTS



There are other systems that have been developed to model human personality.

The most well-known and oft-used ones are those that divide human personality

into four major groups or temperaments.  Hippocrates in ancient Greece

described the first four temperament system, also known as the "Four Humours":

sanguine, melancholic, choleric, and phlegmatic.  More recently, Keirsey and

Bates took the sixteen personality types and categorized them into four

recognizable temperaments based on certain combinations of three of the four

scales:  SJ, SP, NT, and NF.  In addition, they named each temperament after

a Greek god who, from mythological legends, best exemplifies the personality

attributes of that temperament:  Epimetheus (SJ - "Hindsight"), Dionysius

(SP - "Let's Drink Wine"), Prometheus (NT - "Foresight"), and Apollo (NF -

"Reach for the Sky").



There is some correlation and overlap between the Hippocratic Humours and the

Keirsey-Bates temperaments, but the fit is nowhere near perfect.  To

complicate matters, the commonly understood definitions of the Hippocratic

humours have themselves changed over time;  there is no commonly agreed to

definition.  It is an area of sharp disagreement as my e-mail attests.  Thus,

I will focus on the Keirsey-Bates system, and try, best as I can, to correlate

it to a modern definition of the four Hippocratic Humours (as defined in

the book "Personality Plus", by Florence Littauer).  By the way, the more

traditional interpretation of the Hippocratic Humours differs from the modern

one mainly in that the Melancholic and Phlegmatic are essentially reversed.

I welcome input to further clarify the correlation between the Keirsey-Bates

temperaments and the Hippocratic temperaments.



The Keirsey-Bates system is summarized as follows:  (Note:  The lists of

focus/needs/beliefs/behaviors for each temperament is an aggregate list;

this means that any one person of that temperament will probably exhibit

or have only some of these attributes.  The other two scales plays a role

in this.)





SJ:  DUTY/COMMERCE/ECONOMIC  (Epimetheus)



Key Focus/Emotional Need:  Responsibility, Tradition and/or To Maintain Order



Beliefs/behaviors

-- Conserves heritage and tradition, or establishes new ones

-- Can be very analytic (especially 'T' types)

-- Belief in hierarchy:  subordination and superordination

-- Rules:  compelled to be bound and obligated

-- My duty is to serve, give, care, save, share

-- "Shoulds" & "oughts";  "be prepared"

-- Fosters and creates social units:  clubs, church groups

-- Management Style:  Traditionalist, Stabilizer, Consolidator

-- Most likely Hippocratic Humour (modern usage):  Melancholic

-- Spiritual Style:  St. Ignatius







SP:  JOY/ARTISTRY/AESTHETIC  (Dionysus)



Key Focus/Emotional Need:  Freedom, Independence, Spontaneity and/or

                           To Have Fun



Beliefs/behaviors

-- Impulsive

-- Can be very expressive (esp. if an 'E')

-- To do what I want, when I want

-- Action to fulfill my current needs, impulses, not as investment for longer

   term need

-- Works dramatically and quickly in crisis

-- Hungers for action without constraints

-- Tremendous stamina

-- Management Style:  Troubleshooter, Negotiator, Fire Fighter

-- Most likely Hippocratic Humour (modern usage):  Sanguine

-- Spiritual Style:  St. Francis of Assisi







NT:  SCIENCE/THEORETICAL  (Prometheus)



Key Focus/Emotional Need:  Competence, Knowledge, and/or To Lead and Control



Beliefs/behaviors

-- Tries to understand "whys" of the universe (especially if a 'P')

-- Very demanding of selves and others

-- Goal setter

-- A driver (especially if a 'J')

-- "Should have known" and "Should have done better"

-- Cooly objective;  straightforward and logical in dealing with others

-- Reluctance to state obvious;  little redundancy in communications

-- Work is for improvement, perfection, proof of skills

-- Love of knowledge

-- Management Style:  Visionary, Architect of Systems, Builder

-- Most likely Hippocratic Humour (modern usage):  Choleric (esp. if a 'J')

-- Spiritual Style:  St. Thomas Aquinas







NF:  SPIRIT/ETHICS  (Apollo)



Key Focus/Emotional Need:  Search for Self, and/or Peace and Harmony



Beliefs/behaviors

-- "How do I become the person I really am?"

-- Value relationships

-- Harmony with others - can be very amiable

-- Desire to inspire and persuade

-- Need to live a life of significance

-- Search for unique identity

-- Tend to focus on the good in others

-- Especially abhors "evil", if it violates cherished values

-- Management Style:  Catalyst, Spokesperson, Energizer

-- Most likely Hippocratic Humour (modern usage):  Phlegmatic

-- Spiritual Style:  St. Augustine



=============================================================================



                  RESOURCE MATERIALS ON PERSONALITY TYPING





BOOKS



===============================================================================

_Please Understand Me, An Essay on Temperament Styles_, by David Keirsey and

Marilyn Bates.  Prometheus Nemesis Book Company, P.O. Box 2748, Del Mar,

CA 92014  (619-632-1575).



One of the more widely known books describing the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.

It includes a self-test (many do not consider it to be as good as the "real"

MBTI test).

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

_Portraits of Temperament_, David Keirsey.  Prometheus Nemesis Book Company,

P.O. Box 2748, Del Mar, CA 92014 (619-632-1575), 1987.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

_Gifts Differing_, Isabel Briggs-Myers (with Peter Myers).  Consulting

Psychologists Press, 1980 ISBN 0-89106-011-1 (pb) 0-89106-015-4 (hb).



The real _Please Understand Me_, from the horse's mouth (i.e., the daughter

in the original mother/daughter pair).  A good bridge between Jung and PUM,

but no self-test included.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

_Manual:  A Guide to the Development and Use of the Myers Briggs Type

Indicator_, by Isabel Briggs-Myers and Mary H. McCaulley.  Consulting

Psychologists Press, 1985.  

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

_LifeTypes_, by Sandra Hirsh and Jean Kummerow, ISBN 0-446-38823-8 USA and

ISBN 0-446-38824-6 Canada.  Warner Books, Inc., 1989.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

_Facing Your Type_, George J. Schemel and James A. Borbely.  Published by

Typofile Press, Church Road, Box 223, Wernersville, PA 19565.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

_Type Talk_.  Otto Kroeger and Janet M. Thuesen.  Bantam Doubleday Dell

Publishing Group, Inc. (Tilden Press also mentioned.)  ISBN 0-385-29828-59.



An easy-to-read book that gives profiles for all sixteen personality types.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

_Type Talk at Work_.  Otto Kroeger and Janet M. Thuesen.  ISBN 0-385-30174-X.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

_Type Watch_.  Otto Kroeger and Janet M. Thuesen.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

_The Leadership Equation_.  Lee Barr and Norma Barr.

Eaking Press, Austin, Texas. 1989.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

_Using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator in Organizations_.  Sandra Krebs Hirsh.

Consulting Psychological Press, Inc., Palo Alto, CA.  1985.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

_People Types and Tiger Stripes_.  Gordon Lawrence.  Available from Center

for Application of Psychological Type, Gainesville, Florida. 

ISBN 0-935652-08-6.



This book is written primarily to help teachers counsel students, but it

applicable for other related uses.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

_Working Together_.  Olaf Isachsen and Linda Berens.

New World Management Press, Coronado, CA.  1988.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

_From Image to Likeness -- A Jungian Path in the Gospel Journey_, W. Harold

Grant, Magdala Thompson and Thomas E. Clarke.  Paulist Press, 545 Island

Road, Ramsey, NJ 07446.  ISBN: 0-8091-2552-8, 1983.  This book deals with

people's spiritual growth vis a vis personality types.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

_Prayer and Temperament_, by Michael and Norrisey.  Other bibliographic

information not known at present.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

_Personality Types and Religious Leadership_, by Oswald and Kroeger.

Available from the Alban Institute, 4125 Nebraska Ave NW, Washington, D.C.,

20016.  Phone -- 1-800-457-2674.  Other bibliographic information not known

at present.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

_Psychological Types_, C.G. Jung, H.G. Baynes (translator).  Bollingen Series,

Princeton U.P., 1971 ISBN 0-691-01813-8 (pb) 0-691-09770-4 (hb).



This book (originally written in the early 1920's) inspired Briggs & Myers to

create the MBTI test.  If you've only read _Please Understand Me_, then you'll

have some trouble making the correlation.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

_An Introduction To Theories of Personality_, B.R. Hergenhahn.  Prentice-Hall,

New Jersey, 1990.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

"An Empirical Investigation of the Jungian Typology", by Leon Gorlow, Norman R.

Simonson, and Herbert Krauss.  In _Theories of Personality, Primary Sources

and Research_, editors: Gardner Lindzey, Calvin S. Hall, Martin Manosevitz,

Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company, Florida, 1988.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

_The Measurement of Learning Style:  A Critique of Four Assessment Tools_,

Timothy J. Sewall, University of Wisconsin, 1986.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

_Dichotomies of the Mind:  A System Science Model of the Mind and Personality_,

Walter Lowen (with Lawrence Miike). John Wiley, 1982 ISBN 0-471-08331-3.



A bizarre, but intriguing attempt to "correct" the MBTI's inherently 'F' focus

to a 'hyper-T' perspective.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------







PERIODICAL LITERATURE



===============================================================================

_The Type Reporter_.  Susan Scanlon, Editor.  For Subscription information,

mail to:  524 North Paxton Street, Alexandria, VA 22304.  (703) 823-3730.



It comes out roughly 8 times a year, and costs $16 for a year's subscription;

I've found it worth the money.  Recent topics include "Mistakes When Teaching

Type", "Spending and Saving", and "Making Love".

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

_Journal of Psychological Type_.  The official research journal of the

Association for Psychological Type, 9140 Ward Parkway, Kansas City, MO 64114.



One of the few outlets for research on the MBTI as 'real' personality

psychologists usually don't publish on it.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

_Mental Measurements Yearbook_ (MMY).  Has lists of references to articles in

peer-reviewed journals in which the MBTI test is used.  An excellent review of

MBTI is given by Anthony DeVito in the 9th MMY, and two additional reviews

in the 10th MMY.  The recently published 11th MMY does not include these.

The MMY are available in the reference section of most college and university

libraries.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------







OTHER



===============================================================================

Consulting Psychologists Press is the publishing arm of the Center for

Applications of Psychological Type (CAPT).  It distributes the official MBTI

tests and official interpretation guides, a thick _Atlas of Types_ which gives

empirical type distributions for a wide range of population categories

(e.g., policemen, system analysts, high-school students), and many studies.

CAPT puts out a catalog of available resources.  CAPT can be reached at:



CAPT

2815 NW 13th Street

Suite 401

Gainesville, FL  32609

1-800-777-CAPT



-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

"Madness and Temperament: A Systems View of Psychopathology and Treatment"



An audiocassette package consisting of verbatim, unedited presentations from a

seminar at the Holiday Inn, March 4&5, 1989, by Dr. Eve Delunas.  Ordering

information:  InfoMedix, Garden Grove, CA 92643, (714) 530-3454.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- 



Number one goal in life:  To get one of my posts submitted to

                          alt.humor.best-of-usenet



Charter Member --->>>  INFJ Club.



If you're dying to know what INFJ means, be brave, e-mail me, I'll send info.

=============================================================================

| Jon Noring          | noring@netcom.com        |                          |

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